Towards the Conceptualization of a Nonâ€Linear ISD Model

Introduction Over the years, a multiplicity of instructional design models have been suggested, and many of these models have been incorporated into mainstream educational institutions for purposes of aiding instruction and directing the learning process. In their study on developing a multimedia package for teaching qualitative research, Colon et al (2000), noted that over 200 instructional design models have been proposed and indeed published in some of the widely read educational literature.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Towards the Conceptualization of a Non–Linear ISD Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many of the models, however, are oriented towards behaviorist and constructivist theories of learning, leading to accusations and counter-accusations by a number of leading scholars that the models impede the true nature and scope of learning not only due to their behaviorist point of ref erence, but also due to their signature top-down linear and sequential processes (Colon et al., 2000). In the light of the above and other accusations, this paper aims to demonstrate how a non-liner instructional systems design (ISD) model can be conceptualized for instruction. Why a Non-Linear ISD Model Existing literature demonstrates that employing an ISD model can be helpful to instructional designers in assisting them to systematically identify what is to be taught, establish the best teaching methodologies that can be used, and appraise the instruction to determine its effectiveness in fulfilling the tasks and objectives for which it is intended (Kanuka Anderson, 1999). The Instructional Systems Design Model developed in 1996 by Dick and Carey has indeed proved to be popular among instructional designers in providing a framework through which instruction is provided to learners. This particular model is solidly â€Å"†¦based on one form of systems theory, as well as beh avioral and information processing theories of learning† (Colon et al., 2000, para. 12). However, due to the convergence of technology, changes in the education system, and new and unique needs projected by learners, this and other linear models for instruction design continue to attract criticism from various quarters. According to Gayeski (1998), inadequacies and ineffectiveness exhibited by these models, especially in learning and performance improvement environments has called their practicability into question.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Critics have also faulted the sequential, systematic, teacher-led, and top-down approach employed by linear ISD models largely due to the fact that they relegate learners to the role of passive participants, not mentioning the fact that most of these models do not provide room for innovation and active feedback (Colon et al, 2 000). While it is critically important for educators to clearly identify the learning objectives and systematically sequence them from least complex to the most complex (Kanuka Anderson, 1999), the linear approach employed locks out many students from applying the knowledge learnt to solve contemporary practical solutions by virtue of the fact that learning objectives exist irrespective of the contributions made by the learner. The models are further criticized for assuming an overly behaviorist and constructivist orientation in instruction and ignoring other methodologies that can effectively be used to transfer knowledge (Mergel, 1998). There is, therefore, a compelling need to devise non-linear ISD models to ensure optimal transfer of practical knowledge from the educator to the student. Model Phases and Linkages The conceptualized ISD model heavily relies on R2D2 model developed in 1995 by Willis and Merrill’s First Principles of Instruction developed by David Merrill (C olon et al., 2000; Merrill, 2002). The model has 6 phases, namely, problem identification, recursion, reflection, activation, participatory application, and integration. The problem-centered ISD model first identifies the problem and develops a set of objectives used to solve the problem. The set of objectives developed in this model are likely to change depending on the needs of individual learners, hence the need to create a link between the problem identification and the recursion and reflection phases (see appendix 1). According to Merrill (2002), â€Å"†¦learning is activated when learners are engaged in solving real-world problems† (p. 43). The recursion phase will aim to specifically allow instruction designers and learners to revisit any phase included in the model to make refinements, corrections, and revisions as deemed necessary. This will actively promote the learning process in addition to ensuring holistic integration of new knowledge by the learners. This phase is also linked to problem identification phase, reflection phase and integration phase.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Towards the Conceptualization of a Non–Linear ISD Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The next phase – reflection – is intended to emphasize the need for the instruction designers to considerately inquire about feedback and other arising notions from other sources, including the learners’ own perceptions, worldviews and level of understanding (Cohen et al., 2000). Further on, activation phase will take cognizance of the fact that â€Å"learning is promoted when relevant previous experience is activated† (Merrill, 2002, p. 46). Many learners have had many previous experiences that may relate to the task at hand and, as such, relevant information should be activated by going back to the reflection phase to ensure this information is elicited fo r use as groundwork for learning new knowledge. The participatory application phase is where real learning takes place. This phase takes note of the fact that it is the learners who will utilize the knowledge transferred by educators, and they must therefore be active participants in the learning process (Cohen et al., 2002). As such, this phase will also be linked with other phases such as problem identification and reflection to guarantee the involvement of learners. In this phase, educators must develop frameworks aimed at ensuring that learning process is consistent with the identified methodologies of solving the problem, and that learners have the capacity to utilize the new knowledge in solving practical problems. The integration phase will focus on ensuring that learners have the capacity to integrate the knowledge transferred by the educators to solve their everyday problems (Merrill, 2002). This phase will also be linked with reflection and recursion phases to ensure all a rising queries from the learners are adequately attended to (see appendix 1). Model Outputs The outputs for problem identification phase include the objectives and the methodologies that will be used to solve the underlying problem. The recursion phase will generate problem refinements, corrections, and revisions as may be deemed necessary. The reflection phase will generate feedback from instructors and students, and learners’ perceptions and worldviews concerning the problem at hand.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The activation phase will aim to come up with quantifiable measures that can be used to evaluate the capacity of learners to grasp and relate to the problem at hand, while the participatory application phase will generate the actual results of the learning process, including how the learner has understood the problem and if there is need to make clarifications. The outputs arising from the integration phase include the practical demonstration by learners on how they can use the knowledge learnt to solve real-life problems, and the capacity by learners to link the knowledge learnt to other life experiences. Structure of Model The model utilizes a non-linear structure to avoid the many problems associated with linear ISD models. This particular model realizes that different problems may call for diverse starting points, and new objectives may indeed emerge over the design process (Cohen et al., 2002). As such, it is important to create mechanisms for adequately address arising issues that are largely ignored in linear models. Conclusion The need to conceptualize and develop a non-linear ISD model is very much informed by the urge to come up with practical solutions to the many challenges facing instruction especially in contemporary times. Learners need to be assisted to solve practical solutions using an instruction strategy that is responsive to their needs, and that realizes their participation is important for effective learning to take place. In addition, the complex nature of modern problems and instruction have rendered most linear ISD models ineffective due to entrenched limitations in scope and practicability in offering an instruction methodology that can assist learners to relate what has been learned to real-life experiences (Merrill, 2002). The conceptualized non-linear ISD model will not only ensure that learners can use new knowledge to solve practical issues, but it will avail platforms for recursion and participatory application. Appendix 1: An Illustration of Non-Linear ISD Model References Colon, B., Taylor, K.N., Willis, J. (2000). Constructivist instructional design: Creating a multimedia package for teaching critical research. The Qualitative Research, 5(1-2). Web. Gayeski, D.M. (1998). Out-of-the box instructional design: Moving from assembly-line models to non-linear performance models. Web. Kanuka, H., Anderson, T. (1999). Using constructivism in Technology-Mediated Learning: Constructing the Order out of the Chaos in the Literature. Web. Mergel, B. (1998). Instructional Design Learning Theory. Web. Merrill, M.D. (2002). First principles of Instruction. ETRD, 50(3), 43-59. Web. This research paper on Towards the Conceptualization of a Non–Linear ISD Model was written and submitted by user Nadia Horton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Humor Can Help Create Memorable Anniversaries

Humor Can Help Create Memorable Anniversaries Remember the first time you met your husband? Remember your first date with him? Or the time you spent together, frolicking on the beach? You may have had many such pleasurable moments together, but do you celebrate these occasions? You may remember your wedding day as if it had happened yesterday, but have you spared some time recollecting this beautiful day with your spouse? Thats what anniversaries are for. An anniversary is a grand celebration of lifes important milestones. It is a thoughtful way to acknowledge your love for your sweetheart or your dear ones. Marriage anniversaries are also the perfect excuse to throw a big bash and have your friends and family fuss over you. Consider birthdays. Right from the two-year-old toddler to the 80-year-old grandmother, everyone enjoys birthday celebrations. It is a special day to celebrate your entry into this world. You are happy to be alive and surrounded by loved ones, so why not share the happiness? Now, consider death anniversaries. Though it will not be a joyous celebration, you do honor the life of a loved one who enriched your life with happiness, companionship, and love. You reminisce their small gestures of affection and the nostalgic moments spent together, and you pray for their soul. This is also a form of celebration. Death makes one realize how important life is. In short, anniversaries are important celebrations. You cant afford to forget them. When you celebrate anniversaries, you express your love to your dear ones. Every Anniversary Has a Special Meaning Each anniversary year has a special significance, and it is symbolized by special materials. For instance, the first anniversary is denoted by paper. The  25th anniversary celebration is symbolized with silver, and hence friends and family members give silver articles as anniversary gifts. The 50th anniversary is a golden jubilee celebration, and as part of the tradition, gold items are gifted to the celebrating family. Anniversaries Represent the Journey One Has Traveled Anniversaries mark the passage of years, but they also reveal the emotional journey people undergo. In the first few years of marriage, many couples go through a challenging period of adjustment and turbulence. Some marriages survive the choppy ride, while a few marriages collapse even before the first anniversary. Couples often have doubts and apprehensions about their relationship. However, love keeps the couple bonded. Over years, couples understand each other and learn to adjust. As time goes by, couples even tend to take each other for granted. The ardent courtship is replaced by friendliness, and passion takes a back seat. Love becomes secondary; family and career take precedence. Anniversaries are gentle reminders for couples to review the milestones they reached together. Anniversaries are also occasions for couples to renew their commitment to each other. Death Anniversaries Remind Us of Our Dear Ones The first few years after the death of a dear one are especially traumatic. Readjustment after the demise of a loved one is difficult and painful. However, time is a great healer. When you seek to move on, seek solace from soothing words and memories. Life teaches us to enjoy every moment and make the most of it. Anniversaries Help Build Relationships Anniversaries remind you that relationships are special. They bring us closer to our near and dear ones and enrich our lives. When you celebrate your wedding anniversary, you express love and respect for your spouse. You strengthen your commitment to honor and cherish your vows. You also acknowledge each others contribution to making your marriage successful. Funny Anniversary Quotes Add Zing to Your Relationships Humor is like a breath of fresh air. With humor, you can rejuvenate your relationship. Humor helps you to win hearts. Your funny quotes will help thaw indifference and warm up those who are close to you. With funny anniversary quotes, you can shake off the lethargy and spice up your love life. William M. ThackerayI never know whether to pity or congratulate a man on coming to his senses.Grace HansenA wedding is just like a funeral except that you get to smell your own flowers.H. L. MenckenBachelors know more about women than married men; if they didnt, theyd be married too.Ronald ReaganA hippie is someone who looks like Tarzan, walks like Jane and smells like Cheetah.Mae WestA hard man is good to find.Jimmy CarterIve often wanted to drown my troubles, but I cant get my wife to go swimming.Mae WestLook your best who said love is blind?Compton MackenzieLove makes the world go round? Not at all. Whiskey makes it go round twice as fast.Oscar WildeBy persistently remaining single a man converts himself into a permanent public temptation.H. L. MenckenHappiness is the china shop; love is the bull.Mae WestLove thy neighbor - and if he happens to be tall, debonair and devastating, it will be that much easier.H. L. MenckenA man may be a fool and not know it, but not if he is marrie d. Kimberly BroylesAdam and Eve had an ideal marriage. He didn’t have to hear about all the men she could have married, and she didn’t have to hear about the way his mother cooked.Groucho MarxMarriage is the chief cause of divorce.

Editing †A Tough-Love Statement

Editing – A Tough-Love Statement Here lately, the discussion from readers seemed  to be centered about where to find an editor (for cheap), or in some cases, just finding someone who will read a manuscript and offer feedback. My answers are pretty clear: 1) Hire an editor (and be willing to pay what it costs), and/or 2) Trade services with another writer on your level or higher (and be willing to invest time into their manuscript), and/or 3) Carefully select/start a critique group and be patient enough to workshop the story over time. Any wallet can work with one of more of those options. If you want someone to read your work, either pay for it or critique in return. We cant just be takers. But back to hiring an editor. Its tricky to find one you appreciate and can afford. A cheap editor doesnt always offer iffy quality. And an expensive editor doesnt always get it right. Thats why word of mouth is valuable when finding an editor. You want that conduit between someone you trust and the party youre hiring. Sometimes it takes more than one, or two. Which is why so many people ask me who I recommend. How do I get my edits done?  (Even with dachshunds in my lap?) 1) First, Im not a bad editor in my own right, so my manuscripts are fairly clean. Yours need to be, too. 2) Second, I used to use two critique groups, then outgrew them. With my first several novels, these two groups were invaluable. If you are in this stage, hunt high and low to find one or two that fit. Search online, too. And stick with them for a couple years or more. 3) Third, I gravitated to beta readers. Just a couple of serious critiquers, and I seriously critiqued their manuscripts in kind. 4) Fourth, I ultimately hired the strongest beta reader I knew. That is the stage Im in now. Being under contract, I cannot afford the time delay of a group. 5) Fifth, I am traditionally published, so I know my publishers editor will beat it up again another three or more times. For those who will ask (and those who already   have), the beta reader I use is now hiring herself out for edits. She is one of two editors at  Two-Step Approach, where youll receive two editors feedback on your manuscript. I love this combination because you receive two opinions for the price of one. Both of these women have reviewed my novels. One of them has critiqued every novel Ive ever written, and she knew me before I was published. I still use these two ladies for developmental edits, even with a traditional press. There are many fine editors out there. There are many fine critique groups. And many authors have synced with strong beta readers. It takes time (and sometimes money), but the resources are there. So, you invest time or money into edits, or both. Time is invaluable to everyone. Remember that fact when you ask people to read your manuscript . . . and how often you would do the same for someone else. And if you dont have the time, or feel you dont have the talent to critique someone else, then pay for it.

Teaching Creativity in British Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Teaching Creativity in British Schools - Essay Example Creative Partnerships brings creative professionals into schools to help educators teach creative skills that those professionals believe are valuable in the workplace (Creative Partnerships 2010). In this way, Creative Partnerships hopes to produce students with a passion for learning who are also likely to be hired by companies after graduation (Princewaterhouse Coopers LLP 2010). On the surface, Creative Partnerships seems like an excellent plan. Encouraging children to meet with artists and other creative practitioners from the workplace would encourage them to study harder and explore their skills to find out in which ways they could succeed too. However, as this report shows, such surface feelings cannot and should not always be taken at face value. Deeper research has dug up a surprising number of flaws and inconsistencies within the Creative Partnerships programme that warrant further investigation. Creative Partnerships was formed in 2002 as a result of the governmental repo rt â€Å"All our Futures†, which was published in 1999 by the National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Educations (Creative Partnerships 2010). ... Instead, the authors argue for education that exposes students to creative thinking, which they believe would build a capacity for original thought and translate into life skills for the students. One point of this report which is the cornerstone of the resulting Creative Partnerships project is the idea that creativity is not innate, but can in fact be taught (National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Education 1999). However, despite their desire to include creativity in the workplace outside of simply exposing students to visual or performance art, this area of the programme has been found to be decidedly lacking (House of Commons Education and Skills Committee 2007). Creative Partnerships is fond of repeating that their programme will bring about economic benefit. Primarily, they cite an â€Å"independent research paper† that found an economic benefit of ?15.30 for every ?1.00 invested in the programme (Creative Partnerships 2010; Princewaterhouse Coopers LLP 20 10). However, it is important to note that while Princewaterhouse Coopers is an independent business entity, the study was paid for by Creativity, Culture and Education, which is the governmental agency responsible for overseeing the Creative Partnerships programme. When statements such as â€Å"this flagship creative learning programme fosters long-term partnerships between schools and creative professionals to inspire, open minds and harness the potential of creative learning† are used to describe the supposedly separate organisation, heavy doubt is cast on the impartiality of the report (Princewaterhouse Coopers LLP 2010, p6). Creative Partnerships is not the only creativity or arts programme recently introduced to the English educational curriculum (Jones & Thomson 2008). However, these

Stingray's camuoflage, sting, and its adaptations to be more Research Paper

Stingray's camuoflage, sting, and its adaptations to be more successful in hunting - Research Paper Example Adaptation can either be physiological or structural. Structural adaptation entails the development of the structural traits due to the evolution by natural selection and mutation. On the other hand, physiological adaptation entails the development of the physiological traits on evolution of the structural traits. Physiological adaptation refers to adjustment of the living matter to the conditions in the surrounding environment and to the other living things during the lifetime of an organism. It describes the systematic response of an organism to specific external stimulus to maintain homeostasis and entails the biological change in an organism towards response on conditional changes. Physiological adaptation improves the ability by an organism to cope with the changing environment, and it entails hibernation, migration or emission of smell among others (Chisholm, Whittington & Fischer, 2004). Stingrays refer to flat marine fish mostly in warm water. Stingray is a group of fish related to the shark family. They are cartilaginous fishes classified in the subclass elasmobranchii and order mliobatiformes. They consist of eight families; deep water stingray (plesiobatidae), six gill stingray (hexatrygonidae), round rays (urotrygonidae), stingarees (urolophidae), butterfly rays (gymnuridae), whiptail stingrays (dasyatidae), eagle rays (myliobatidae), and river stingrays (potamotrygonidae) (Diaz & James, 2008). Stingrays live in both marine and freshwater habitats. Stingray has stinger at the tail end, which pierces the prey before escape. The stinger is razor-sharp, serrated, attached and barbed to the tail. The stingray can whip the stinger extremely quickly when attacking the prey (Dulci, Jardas & Onofri, 2003). The thin tail is agile and extremely flexible. The sting size is dependent on the species of the Stingray. Stingray is carnivorous in

Overview Of The Communication Process Information Technology Essay

Overview Of The Communication Process Information Technology Essay Communication is a learned skill. We must learn to speak as well and communication effectively even most of us are born with the physical ability to talk. There are various ways to understanding the verbal and nonverbal meanings thru our speaking, learning and ability skill. We learn the basic communication skill by observing other people and modeling our behaviors based on what we see. We also taught some communication skill through education, by practicing skill and having them evaluated. In simple terms, communication can be defined as an action. Communication not only in written form or oral, even a gentle touch or a knowing look can also communicate a message loud and clear, as can an angry slap or a hard push. Take an example: babies communicate basic wants through crying. It does not include language and dont have to be vocalized. It is just a simple transmit information from one person to another person. It must have a message that being transferred from sender to receiver in every instance of communication. The sender and receiver must have some words, signs o signals in common with each other to make sure for the communication to be success so that message can easy to deliver and understood. Communication is also a two-way interaction between to parties to transmit information and mutual understanding between themselves. The interchange of information from one party to another is best when a discussion available, it can makes the communication easier because the receiver can ask questions and receive answer to clarify the massage. 1.1 Communication Process The communication process is the guide toad realizing effective communication. Effective communication leads to understanding, it is also opportunities to become more productive if that follow the communication process. Sender and the receiver take place in the sharing through the communication process. Communication process is a set of steps that will undertaken in an organization while every time formal communication. It is helps to ensure that your stakeholders are kept regularly informed. The communication process is made by four key of components. Those components include encoding, channel, decoding, and feedback. Sender and the receiver are also the two other factors in the process. The communication process begins by the sender and ends with the receiver. Noise in the communication process is any kind of interruption which can disturb the communication. 1.1.1 Sender (encoder) Sender is the boss who release the message originated. The sender must stat to encoding in order to convey meaning. You also need to be confident in the information that you communicate is useful and accurate. A positive attitude of the communicators and the meaningful symbols select by the communicators are the factor that will determine how effective the communicator will be. 1.1.2 Encoding Encoding is the process that transferring the information you want, and correctly decoded at the other end with the form of communicated. Ability of convey information clearly and simply, eliminate and anticipate sources of confusion will deeply affected whether success or not of your encoding. Knowing your audience is a important key part of encoding, result in delivering messages will be misunderstood if your are failure to understand who you are communicating with. 1.1.3 Channel (medium of transmit) Channel means use to convey the message with non-verbal and verbal interaction. The sender uses some kind of channel to begin transmit their message. The effectiveness of the different types of channels fluctuates depend the characteristic of the communication. Most channels are letters, memos, emails, reports, meeting, telephone and videoconferencing. There are different strengths and weaknesses of different channel. For example, oral communication channel become more effective when immediate feedback is necessary, because it can be cleared up on the spot of an uncertainties. So that select the appropriate channel will greatly assist in the effectiveness of receivers understandings. 1.1.4 Decoding Decoding is performed in receiver side in the communication process. Decoding is once the message is received and examined, the stimulus is sent to the brain for interpreting, in order to assign some type of meaning to it. The receiver will correctly interprets the senders message is the communication takes place successful. 1.1.5 Receiver (decoder) Receiver is the person who simply receiving the message. Communication will only successful when the reaction of the receiver is that which the communicator intended. All the interpretation by the receiver is influenced by their knowledge, perception, attitudes, experiences, skill, and culture. It is actually similar to the senders relationship with recoding. 1.1.5 Feedback Feed back is the reply we receive to the message sent. It may a request for further clarification, a responses oral or written feedback, and undesirable decision or a detailed report. The sender cannot confirm whether the receiver has interpreted the message correctly or not without feedback. It also provides an opportunity for the sender to avoid the wrong action and to clarify a misunderstood message. 1.1.6 Noise Any things will interfere the understanding of communication also called as noise. In this instance, the message was not properly constructed and hence the secretary did not understand it as intended by the sender.  In any way, noise is any stimulus that will be interferes with the communicators ability to achieve the understanding. The ways to ensure the intended audience to receive right message A good communication skill can ensure the intended audience to receive the right message and it can reduce the misunderstood on message receiver. There have some effective ways to ensure the intended to get a right message: Completeness: The message must be complete to bring the desirable result. You must understand what is the reader wants or needs and you must also provide all the necessary information to answer the entire question. You can also give some extra information when desirable. Comprehensive and Conciseness: Eliminate the wordy expression, must avoid needless filter words and phrase. Inside the communication, you must include the only relevant materials, dun want include any un-relevant information to confuse the message receiver. Concreteness: Add the flashed word picture, made facts vivid into the communication. Try to add some specific facts and figure try to attractive the message receiver. Some more can put the action into your verbs. Clarity: when communication to someone, make sure u are clear about your goal or message. Try to minimize the number of ideas in each sentence. Make sure your sentence is easy to understand your meaning. Correct: Make you are fits to your audience when you are in communication. Conclusion You have to apply a communication process if you wish to communicate formally within an organization. The communication process is the perfect guide toward to achieve an effective communication. Certain barriers may present in the communication process and it may bring the negative impact on the process. By the way, you can get the feedback on the communication which have take place and it can be entre that future communication are improve. Successful and effective communication within an organization stems from the implementation of their communication skill if they follow the communication process. All members within the organization will avoid the barriers and can be improved. Communication skill is important because it can avoid the wrong message you send or receive. 2.0 Introduction A good communication between the firms and the customer is quite important. It may direct influence the popularity of the product. So there are important on which kind of advertising will you choose to promo your business. Select a right media for one to send out your message is an important step to developing your sales and marketing plan. The right media for one business may be wrong for another. Dubway is going to launch at Ipoh area. Dubway is an American restaurant, primarily they sells sandwiches, salads, and personal pizza. Target market of Dubway at Ipoh will be the people who wake up early can hope to buy a healthy breakfast quickly. As the product manager of the first Dubway of Ipoh, Im choosing the methods, the mediums and the vehicles that i would use to communicate with our target audience to persuade them to buy our product. 2.1 Advertising medium Advertising medium is the media variable to carries the advertisers message to the consumer. This is the vital connection between the product or services and the customer who willing to buy it. Usually a plural term of media is describing channel of mass communication. A common advertising media will be magazine, radio, television and newspaper. Example of other communication vehicles: direct mail, billboard, transit inflatable, blimps, balloons, interactive, fax and satellite. 2.1.1 Print Media Print media is the most effective way to disseminating the information of advertisement to the masses. Example of print media: newspaper, flyer, brochure and magazine. An advertisement in print media can reach a wide number of people in a given geographic to get the information because it is high reader involvement. In general, print media is a slightly better opportunities to catch the readers attention. But it will be not effective if your advertisement in a not obvious page or design. 2.1.2 Electronic Media Electronic media is the mode of electronic transmission. Its include television, radio, internet, CD-ROMs, DVD, cinema and etc. Electronic media of internet are unlimited distribution at little or no cost. These are also in a lower barrier to entry for content creators compared to traditional media. It can also let the huge number of people to get the information. It also provided the creativeness for the firms who want to make an advertisement. 2.1.3 Transmit Media Transmit media can be defined as a out-door media. Its may include the bus, cab, airplane with the advertisement poster, a balloon with the brand name and color or etc. But this kind of advertisement cant transmit the detail of information to the consumer. 2.2 Dubway advertising thru newspaper Dubway will choose to advertising about their information in newspaper. There are few advantage of advertise on newspaper: A reasonable cost when the firms make an advertisement in newspaper. They can also depend the price or the structure of their firms, their budget to decide the advertisement size and placement within the newspaper. This is the cost effective advertisement, its allows you to reach a huge number of people in a given geographic area. Advertisement through newspaper let the firm enjoy the high effectiveness but lower cost compare with other advertising media for example: television and magazine. Advertisement at newspaper also can unlimited exposure by firms, readers can go back to your message again and again if so desired. Usually take an advertisement at newspaper, they will free help in creating and producing and copy is usually available. Newspaper also a quick turn-around to helps the firm advertisement reflect the changing market conditions. The advertisement of firm will decide to run today can be in the customers hand in one to two days. 2.3 Dubway advertisement Dubways main product will be the sandwich. Dubway uses Eat Fresh as their slogan and there are explain how the every sandwich freshly and baked dough. Each sandwich also made by the fresh ingredients and they are exact specification in front of their customer. Now a days, most people are take care about their healthy, fast food may put into the list of rubbish food in majority people who so care about their health. So that the concept of Dubway is try to change the opinion of the people. Eat fresh be the slogan of Dubway, it try to let the people who can enjoy the healthy, full of nutrient, fast and nice food. They have a lot of choices at Dubway such as steak and cheese sandwich, meatball sandwich, roast beef sandwich, turkey breast and ham sandwich and etc. Coca-cola, Pepsi, Coffee and etc drinks also available at Dubway. Any photo makes customer has their choice to decide what flavor they likes, then, these photo should be colorful and looks freshness. However, these photos supposed to be attractive from customer. Use some of words to advertise such as eat fresh, that compare with McD or KFC will be more attractive. Because of customer prefer the food freshness. some more the name of every flavor let customers have their easier. Eat fresh this slogan is to obviously promo the product with the fresh ingredient. The nine picture of sandwich is the most popular order from customer. 2.4 Conclusion Advertising is one for the important things that present product or services of the firms. Advertising helps to keep the consumer informed about the any new product are available and trying to make a connection to the potential consumer. It helps to spread awareness about product or services that are use to consumer and potential buyers. In a successful business, advertising play an essential and important role. Advertising can increase the sales of product and service. In other way, advertising also increase the popularity of your product or services.

Managing Diversity and Ethics in the Workplace Essay

Introduction There steps leaders and managers can take to effectively manage diversity and ethics concerns. How a manager effectively manages ethics and diversity, within the organization is directly correlated to the cultural, organizational and external environment influence ethical behavior. One of the step’s leaders and managers can take is to incorporate diversity training of the organization. This big step puts the organization on its way toward maintaining a well balanced diverse organizational culture within a company. When it comes to managing diversity in the workplace, there are many attributes that go into a successful training session. (Jones, 2011, p. 164), â€Å"managers can take steps to change attitudes and values and promote the effective management of diversity.† Diversity training within an organization is an effective step in changing the values and promotes the effective leadership and management of diversity within the organization is a big step towards mainta ining a well balanced diverse organizational culture within a company. Every leader of an organization implores and implements different diversity training tactics. Some companies have strict diversity training seminars that include power point presentations with a set of rules for do and don’t. Other organizations implement an more interactive method with diverse groups as a means to also reap the benefits of a diverse workforce: For example: at â€Å"Sodexo and Principle Financial Group† (Jones, 2011 p. 143) â€Å"Sodexo encourages managers like Ron Bond to interact with diverse groups to gain a better appreciation and understanding of their experience.† Sodexo acknowledged and understands that when diversity is manage effectively organizations can benefit the organization as a diverse workforce bring, diverse perspectives, points of view, experience and knowledge. Sodexo also provide their employees with extensive diversity training, which encourages managers to be mentors and interact with diverse groups. According to Sodexo web site they â€Å"At Sodexo we work around five pillars – gender, generations, disability, ethnical origins and LGBT – to foster a culture that embraces differences and celebrates unique ideas, perspectives, experiences and talents.† As we strive to challenge stereotypes and disseminate the business case for diversity, we believe it is crucial to train all managers and employees.† (Sodex 2012). â€Å"Sodexo USA’s diversity learning strategy offers awareness training and skills building labs on topics ranging from generations in the workplace to cross-cultural communications. Following the U.S. example, a program designed to heighten awareness, building skills and provide tools for managing within a diverse working environment were launched throughout Europe.† (Sodex 2012). An organization such as Deloitte & Touche, â€Å"have instituted a program to encourage minority suppliers to complete for its businesses, and the firm sponsors schools and colleges that supply a stream of well-trained recruits.† (Jones, 2011, p. 145). According to Google’s corporate website on diversity, â€Å"The Diversity training is designed to ensure our employees have the awareness, skills and knowledge to build and retain the workforce to fuel Google globally. Our diversity education programs includes all aspects surrounding employment that aim to create a culture of inclusion with a focus on improving recruitment strategies and techniques for identifying high-value diverse talent† (Google 2010). Google also says that â€Å"At Google, we are committed to a supportive work environment, where employees have the opportunity to reach their fullest potential. Each Googler is expected to do his or her utmost to create a respectful workplace culture that is free of harassment, intimidation, bias and unlawful discrimination of any kind† (Google 2010). The website goes on to say that employment at Google is based solely upon individual merit and qualifications directly related to professional  competence and is not based on the basis of â€Å"race, color, religion, veteran status, national origin, ancestry, pregnancy status, sex, gender identity or expression, age, marital status, mental or physical disability, medical condition, sexual orientation or any other characteristics protected by law† (Google 2010). This tells us that Google treats everyone equally, and gives them the same opportunities as everyone else. Equality challenging for diversity stakeholders and executives is getting the leadership team to realize and implement that things have changed harnessing cultural diversity through training increase productivity as such must be a major part of an organization. (Jones, 2011 p. 165) demonstrates number organizations are implementing programs within the organization that requires interaction. One of such organizational program whereby top managers spend time performing the same work duties as employees to improve and understand the challenges employees face was DaVita Inc. DaVita Inc., is a major supplier of kidney dialysis service, in the U.S. and while the three top seniors executives have never worked in a dialysis clinic, exchange work places and now work three days in the clinic. The executives were provided with a better insight and understanding of the nature of the technicians jobs, along with the how emotional the job is and the effects on the technicians. There is no better way to understand diverse group than interaction, joining together at certain times in order to interact and communicate. Leadership of Teams Essential important when implementing a change of the organization core values, and goals is to form a top management team. (Jones, 2011 p. 499). Top management teams are the ones responsible for developing diversity training methods and a strategy to implement the training within the organization in order to achieve the organization goals. Top management teams, are normally compose to a diverse group, with knowledge, expertise and experience in stressing diversity. As cross-functional top management team the members are comprised from the various departments within the organization as a formal group. The top management as a formal group, come together to form a cross-cultural team, by following the five stages of forming a group, as group role is to set the behaviors and task. One of the behaviors for diversity training is that the members of the  team to lead by example, in demonstrating ethical and social responsibility. By treating employees based on skills rather than age, sex or race. The integration of leadership exercises in diversity training programs will help employees realize the importance of this attribute within the organization. There are many reasons as to why there must be a diverse team of leadership from top management from different backgrounds, ethnicity, age, gender, or education so that the company can integrate points of views from people from different walks of life. In diversity training, employees would be made to realize that anyone can be a leader regardless of age, sex or race. Leadership skill workshops can be introduced at the work place to educate employees and encourage them to cultivate these skills. Many people confuse management and leadership to be the same thing. There are many people from diverse backgrounds who are managers. Management focuses on establishing detailed plans and schedules for achieving certain results, then providing resources to accomplish the plan. The jobs need to be filled with qualified individuals who understand the direction of the company. Leadership, on the other hand, creates change, often to a dramatic degree. Leadership calls for creating a more efficient or imaginative process for a future vision. While there are some managers who are leaders, there are some who are not. Being both a good manager as well as a good leader is a balance between learned concepts of leadership as well as inborn traits of a leader. One reason that leadership in diversity training is necessary is because people from different backgrounds have different life experiences. These life experiences gives character, and their character is what determines what kind of leader they will end up being. For example, a potential leader will show strong characteristics like drive, energy, determination, self-discipline, willpower and a need for excellence. On the other hand, a person with weak character will show none of these traits. Their traits will be disorganized and random, and they will attract no followers. To be an effective leader, one must be trustworthy and ethical. A supervisor or manager at a company will only be well liked and looked up to if his employees trust him. In any organization, a leader’s actions set the pace and the way a leader behaves if closely watched and noticed by his employees. This behavior wins trust, loyalty, and ensures the organization’s  continued prosperity. One of the ways to build trust is to display a good sense of character composed of beliefs, values, skills, and traits and to not be discriminatory towards people. In diversity training tactics, it might be helpful to pair those with leadership potential with other leaders from different backgrounds so that they can learn the qualities of being an effective leader from each other. It might also be interesting to note how leaders from different backgrounds and ages tackle problems. There are many ways of b eing a leader, and people with different life experiences will tackle problems in a different way, depending on the situation and their background. For example, leaders like presidents of countries operate differently from leaders of companies. In diversity training, perhaps an exercise could be undertaken that makes the employee chose a scenario and act as a leader in that scenario in order to explore different types of leadership. Diversity training workshops should also focuses on crucial leadership traits that may be of use within the organization. One leadership trait is the trait of courage. Leaders are usually unafraid of taking on challenging tasks. They display a confident calmness when under stress and plan out strategies in order to overcome obstacles in their path. People from minority backgrounds should take particular interest in this trait because they are working to get ahead in a world where they are a minority. Another example of a leadership trait is justice. Good leaders treat everyone fairly and display empathy by being sensitive to the feelings, values, interests, and well-being of others. They are non-prejudiced towards their employees and clients and make everyone feel like their voices are being heard. For example, a manager at a board meeting hears both sides of a story before deciding on a course of action. Leadership seminars are particularly important in companies with many diverse employees because leaders build a foundation in their organization, as well as build a sense of trust with their employees. In a company, the leader or manager has to make sure the culture of the organization is positive and that the work flow is productive. The most important person in shaping an organization’s culture is the leader of the organization. A leader at the executive level is the main source for the creation and implementing the culture and everything it stands for. The leader originally decides what the core values of the organization will be, how they will go about their business and what rules they will follow. He is in charge of shaping the culture and managing it. An understanding of the diversity within the organization and the knowledge of how to mold different people together it is a necessary skill for leaders trying to achieve a strategic outcome. Along with the diversity and culture of an organization, potential leaders must also pay attention to the climate of an organization. The climate is the feel of the organization as well as the individual and shared perceptions and attitudes of the organization’s members. The climate of an organization represents the beliefs about the vibe or feel of the workplace by the employees. This individual perception of the way the organization feels comes from what the people believe about the activities that occur in the organization. These activities influence both individual and team motivation and satisfaction and the employee questions the actions and principles of the leader. These directly relate to diversity because sometimes people are unsure of how to treat other at times due to the difference in religious beliefs or opinions. If a leader outlines a general code of conduct for all employees that takes into account everyone’s beliefs and expectation, a negative climate situation can be avoided. The climate of an organization should bring about a feeling of assurance to the employees; so that they know that they are doing things right and behaving appropriately. Leading Change and Managing Conflict Managing conflicts within the organization today requires the type of leader that is able to communicate and collaboration when working with a diverse workforce. Conflict is a an inevitable part of any organization, as goals of shareholders, managers and employees are more than often incompatible. (Jones, 2011, p. 566). When there is a crisis within an organization, a leader needs to be able to rise to the occasion, and bring out extraordinary leadership qualities by first determining what type of conflict is involved such interpersonal, intra group, inter group and interorganizational, understanding these various types of conflict and how they differ helps a manager deal with the conflict. Moreover a manager needs to understand the source of the conflict, whether it seem from different  goals and time horizons, overlapping authority, and/or task interdependencies. When a manager is able to discern the type of conflict and source he can focus on a fair consist distribution of justi ce equability. By cultivating leadership skills in employees, people from different cultures and backgrounds begin to trust each other because they are all leaders and they view themselves as equal to one another. The leadership aspect of diversity training should also outline how to be a respectful, unbiased leader when it comes to other cultures and ages within the organization. Employees observing a leader do not look at the traits or attributes of a leader, rather, they observe what the leader does in order to decide whether their supervisor really is a good leader or not. They use this observation to tell whether the leader is an honorable person or a self-serving person who discriminates against other people or misuses their authority in order to get a promotion. Self-serving leaders are not as effective because their employees only obey them, not follow them. On self-serving leaders, often give employees â€Å"The feeling of being separate, which is characteristic of leaders, is different from narcissism. The leader is aware of boundaries and distinguishes the inner and outer worlds, fantasy and reality, self and other people. Career-oriented managers are more likely to exhibit the effects of narcissism than leaders. While busily adapting to their environment, managers are narrowly engaged in maintaining their identity and self-esteem through others, whereas leaders have self-confidence growing out of the awareness of who they are and the visions that drive them to achieve Diversity training companies also helps cultivate relationships between the people of the organization. Organizational conflicts is a discord that arises when there is a diverse workforce who are incompatible, where goals, values and interest differ, which cause blocks and attempts to thwart each other work performance. Diversity training that address conflict management strategies focuses on conflict resolution diversity awareness, sources of conflicts, job rotation, and temporary assignments. These strategies focus on the whole organization. A Top management team position, as the leader has to make sure his employees are working togeth er as a team. Doing their share of the work, getting along with people and working well with others are all part of teamwork. A leader or manager has to make sure that  his employees are not only meeting these goals, but also motivating them to go one step ahead of these goals to increase productivity. Introduction of these concepts in relation to diversity will help people from different backgrounds work together towards a common goal. Teamwork training exercises in diversity training are important for employees who want to advance to a leadership position, as teamwork is one of the key things managers look at when determining leadership potential. Employees with leadership potential see team effectiveness as a leadership opportunity. They realize that they will achieve more by working through and with others, that they will get more done with the active support of colleagues. These exercises will also help to harbor good relations between people from different walks of life. Finally, leadership seminars motivate minorities to do better. In recent times, minority employees have been underestimated when it comes to handing out leadership positions. One reason for this is that some minorities do not think that they are capable of being leaders because there have been so few minority leaders in their organization. They do not go for higher positions because they think that they cannot get them. By organizing leadership seminars, minorities can see that they are good enough to be leaders because they are not different from any other race, culture, gender or age group around them. The leadership seminars will help them learn about their own skills as well as inculcate new ones within them so that they go for their goals. CONCLUSION Leadership is an important attribute that should be more focused on in diversity training workshops. Leadership leads to teamwork which is an important factor in an organization. Making sure that employees get along and that no one is discriminated against is a leader’s job. If everyone is taught about leadership and how it works, people from different backgrounds will gain the confidence and skills required to advance within the organization. Leadership seminars will also help to inspire people and prevent a negative cultural climate from occurring between people from different backgrounds. Activities like leadership role switching and scenario leadership can help cultivate teamwork and leadership among employees. Bibliography Jones, Gareth R. and George, Jennifer M. Contemporary Management. 7th ed. McGraw-Hill Irwin, N.Y., N.Y., 2011. Sodex (2012) Sodex and Principle Financial Group. Retrieved from http://www.sodexo.com/en/commitments/diversity-inclusion/actions/training.aspx July 20, 2012 Google (2010). Google Diversity and Inclusion. Retrieved from on July 20, 2012.